Anemia
Anemia, characterized by a reduction in the number or quality of red blood cells, is a common condition among older adults in post-acute and long-term care (PALTC) settings. Given its broad range of causes and potential implications for patient morbidity and quality of life, understanding and appropriately managing anemia is essential for healthcare professionals working in these environments.
Among older adults, multiple factors may contribute to or exacerbate anemia:
- Nutritional Deficiencies of iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid due to poor diet, malabsorption issues, or specific medications.
- Chronic Diseases such as chronic inflammation, kidney disease, and endocrine disorders.
- Bone Marrow Suppression because of medications (e.g., chemotherapy), malignancies, or bone marrow disorders can impact red blood cell production.
- Hemolysis due to conditions such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia or drug-induced hemolysis.
- Blood Loss from gastrointestinal bleeding.
While some patients may be asymptomatic, the clinical presentation of anemia can range from fatigue, dizziness, and palpitations to more severe manifestations like angina or exacerbation of heart failure. Cognitive impairment and decreased physical performance can also be associated features.
Management Considerations
- Address Underlying Cause(s)
- Review Medications
- Monitor for Complications
- Nutritional Optimization
- Collaboration with Specialists
In PALTC settings, recognizing and treating anemia not only has potential implications for a patient's immediate health but can also significantly influence their overall quality of life and functional status. Given the multifaceted nature of its causes, a multidisciplinary approach often serves best.